Factors related to healthcare costs of road traffic accidents in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Factores relacionados con costos por atención médica de siniestros de tránsito en Bucaramanga, Colombia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the factors related to overall healthcare costs of road traffic accidents in Bucaramanga, Colombia. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of road traffic accident records that took place in 2019 in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Cost quartiles in dollars were compared using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Odds ratios were also calculated in logistic regression. RESULTS 3,150 road accidents were reported in 2019 involving 7,038 people, of which 812 had information related to healthcare costs in health care institutions. The median cost was 56.59 USD (RI = 29.35-140.15), average cost of 290.11 USD ± 731.22 (95%CI: 239.74-340.48). A higher possibility to be in the 4th quartile was found when persons were under 18 years of age (OR = 4.88; 95%CI: 1.30-18.32) or 46-60 years (OR = 3.66; 95%CI: 1.01-13.30), the type of vehicle involved is motorcycle (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 1.25-6.24), bicycle (OR = 7.66; 95%CI: 2.70-21.68), having a head injury (OR = 4.50; 95%CI: 2.61-7.76) and hypothetical drunk driving (OR = 12.44; 95%CI: 2.01-76.87). CONCLUSIONS Relevant factors in healthcare costs were riding a motorcycle or bicycle, having a head injury, being under 18 years of age or 46 to 60 years of age and hypothetical drunk driving. It is important to implement prevention measures based on identified factors to reduce road accident rate and therefore, its socioeconomic costs.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Determinar los factores relacionados con los costos generales durante la atención en salud de siniestros de tránsito en Bucaramanga, Colombia. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con análisis de registros de siniestros de tránsito durante 2019 en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó una comparación entre cuartiles de los costos en dólares con pruebas estadísticas de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y exacta de Fisher. También, se calcularon odds ratio en regresión logística. RESULTADOS En 2019 se registraron 3.150 siniestros, con 7.038 personas involucradas, de los cuales 812 tenían información de costos generados por atención en instituciones de salud. La mediana de costos fue US$ 56,59 (RI = 29,35-140,15), promedio de US$ 290,11 ± 731,22 (IC95% 239,74-340,48). Se observó mayor posibilidad para estar en cuartil 4 de los costos si la persona tenía menos de 18 años (OR = 4,88; IC95% 1,30-18,32) o entre los 46-60 años de edad (OR = 3,66; IC95% 1,01-13,30), cuando el tipo de vehículo es la motocicleta (OR = 2,79; IC95% 1,25-6,24) y la bicicleta (OR = 7,66; IC95% 2,70-21,68), si la lesión ocurre en la cabeza (OR = 4,50; IC95% 2,61-7,76) y si la hipótesis está relacionada con embriaguez (OR = 12,44; IC95% 2,01-76,87). CONCLUSIÓN Los factores relevantes en los costos fueron la motocicleta, bicicleta, lesión en la cabeza, ser menor de 18 años o tener entre los 46 años y los 60 años y embriaguez como hipótesis. Es relevante implementar medidas de prevención según los factores identificados para disminuir la accidentalidad y, por ende, sus costos socioeconómicos.

Multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients. METHODS: Parallel controlled randomized clinical trial to prevent delirium in 81 critically ill patients: 41 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group (intervention: spatial and temporal guidance, visual stimulus, auditive stimulus, and family support). Participants were recruited from September 2017 to March 2018 in the university hospital Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Clinical Trials record NCT03215745. RESULTS: The incidence of delirium was 5% in the intervention group and 24% in the control group. The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.88). The absolute risk reduction was 19.39% (95% CI 4.61 to 34.17) and the number needed to treat was 5 (95 CI % 3 to 26%). CONCLUSION: The multicomponent nursing program is efficient to prevent delirium in critically ill patients.

Nursing intervention to prevent delirium in critically ill adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention for delirium prevention in critically ill patients. METHOD: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a non-equivalent control group and with evaluation before and after the intervention. 157 Patients were part of the intervention group and 134 of the control group. Patients were followed-up until they were discharged from the ICU or died. The incidence of delirium in both groups was compared. Additionally, the effect measures were adjusted for the propensity score. RESULTS: The incidence and incidence rate of delirium in the control group were 20.1% and 33.1 per 1000 person-days (CI 95% 22.7 to 48.3) and in the intervention group was 0.6% and 0.64 per 1000 person-days (CI 95% 0.22 to 11.09), respectively. The crude Hazard Ratio was 0.06 (CI 95% 0,008 to 0,45) and adjusted 0.07 (CI 95% 0,009 to 0,60). The number needed to be treated was six. CONCLUSION: Low incidence of delirium in critically ill patients intervened demonstrated the effectiveness of interventions. The average intervention time was 4 days with a 15-minutes dedication for each patient.

Multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial / Programa de enfermagem multicomponente para prevenção de delirium em pacientes críticos: ensaio clínico randomizado / Programa de enfermería multicomponente para prevención del delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the efficacy of a multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients. Methods Parallel controlled randomized clinical trial to prevent delirium in 81 critically ill patients: 41 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group (intervention: spatial and temporal guidance, visual stimulus, auditive stimulus, and family support). Participants were recruited from September 2017 to March 2018 in the university hospital Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Clinical Trials record NCT03215745. Results The incidence of delirium was 5% in the intervention group and 24% in the control group. The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.88). The absolute risk reduction was 19.39% (95% CI 4.61 to 34.17) and the number needed to treat was 5 (95 CI % 3 to 26%). Conclusion The multicomponent nursing program is efficient to prevent delirium in critically ill patients.

RESUMO Objetivos Determinar a eficácia de um programa de enfermagem com multicomponentes para a prevenção de delirium em pacientes críticos. Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado paralelo para prevenção de delirium em 81 pacientes críticos: 41 no grupo controle e 40 no grupo intervenção (Intervenção: orientação espacial e temporal, estimulação visual, estimulação auditiva e apoio familiar), recrutados de setembro de 2017 a março de 2018 no Hospital Universitário Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Número de registro de ensaios clínicos é NCT03215745. Resultados A incidência de delirium no grupo operado foi de 5% e no grupo controle de 24%. Risco relativo de 0,20 (IC 95% 0,05 a 0,88). A redução absoluta do risco foi de 19,39% (IC 95% 4,61 a 34,17) e o número necessário para o tratamento foi de 5 pacientes (IC 95% 3 a 26%). Conclusão O programa de enfermagem multicomponente é eficaz na prevenção do delirium em pacientes críticos.

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la eficacia de un programa de enfermería multicomponente para la prevención del delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Métodos Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado en paralelo para la prevención de delirium en 81 pacientes críticamente enfermos: 41 en el grupo control y 40 en el grupo intervenido (Intervención: orientación espacial y temporal, estímulo visual, estimulo auditivo y apoyo familiar), reclutados desde septiembre de 2017 a marzo de 2018 en el Hospital Universitario Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Registro en Clinical Trials número NCT03215745. Resultados La incidencia de delirium en el grupo intervenido fue de 5% y en el grupo control de 24%. Riesgo relativo de 0,20 (IC 95% 0.05 a 0.88). Reducción absoluta del riesgo 19,39% (IC95% 4,61 a 34,17) y el número necesario a tratar fue de 5 pacientes (IC95% 3 a 26%). Conclusión El programa de enfermería multicomponente es eficaz para prevenir el delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos.

Nursing intervention to prevent delirium in critically ill adults / Intervenção de enfermagem para prevenir o delirium em adultos gravemente enfermos / Intervención de enfermería para prevenir el delirio en adultos críticamente enfermos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention for delirium prevention in critically ill patients. Method: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a non-equivalent control group and with evaluation before and after the intervention. 157 Patients were part of the intervention group and 134 of the control group. Patients were followed-up until they were discharged from the ICU or died. The incidence of delirium in both groups was compared. Additionally, the effect measures were adjusted for the propensity score. Results: The incidence and incidence rate of delirium in the control group were 20.1% and 33.1 per 1000 person-days (CI 95% 22.7 to 48.3) and in the intervention group was 0.6% and 0.64 per 1000 person-days (CI 95% 0.22 to 11.09), respectively. The crude Hazard Ratio was 0.06 (CI 95% 0,008 to 0,45) and adjusted 0.07 (CI 95% 0,009 to 0,60). The number needed to be treated was six. Conclusion: Low incidence of delirium in critically ill patients intervened demonstrated the effectiveness of interventions. The average intervention time was 4 days with a 15-minutes dedication for each patient.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia de uma intervenção de enfermagem para prevenção do delirium em pacientes críticos. Método: Foi realizado um estudo quasi-experimental com grupo controle não equivalente e com avaliação antes e após a intervenção. 157 pacientes faziam parte do grupo intervenção e 134 do grupo controle. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até a alta da UTI ou óbito. A incidência de delirium em ambos os grupos foi comparada. Além disso, as medidas de efeito foram ajustadas para o escore de propensão. Resultados: A incidência e a taxa de incidência de delirium no grupo controle foram de 20,1% e 33,1 por 1000 pessoas-dia (IC 95% 22,7 a 48,3) e no grupo de intervenção foi de 0,6% e 0,64 por 1000 pessoas-dia (IC 95% 0,22 a 11,09), respectivamente. O Hazard Ratio bruto foi de 0,06 (IC 95% 0,008 a 0,45) e ajustado de 0,07 (IC 95% 0,009 a 0,60). O número que precisava ser tratado era seis. Conclusão: A baixa incidência de delirium em pacientes gravemente enfermos com intervenção demonstrou a eficácia das intervenções. O tempo médio de intervenção foi de 4 dias com dedicação de 15 minutos para cada paciente.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de una intervención de enfermería para la prevención del delirio en pacientes críticos. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental con un grupo control no equivalente y con evaluación antes y después de la intervención. 157 pacientes eran parte del grupo de intervención y 134 del grupo de control. Los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta que fueron dados de alta de la UCI o fallecieron. Se comparó la incidencia de delirio en ambos grupos. Además, las medidas del efecto se ajustaron por el puntaje de propensión. Resultados: La incidencia y la tasa de incidencia de delirio en el grupo de control fue de 20,1% y 33,1 por 1000 personas-días (IC 95% 22,7 a 48,3) y en el grupo de intervención fue de 0,6% y 0,64 por 1000 personas-días (IC 95% 0,22 a 11,09), respectivamente. El cociente de riesgo bruto fue de 0,06 (IC 95% 0,008 a 0,45) y ajustado 0,07 (IC 95% 0,009 a 0,60). El número necesario a tratar era seis. Conclusión: La baja incidencia de delirio en pacientes críticos intervenidos demostró la efectividad de las intervenciones. El tiempo medio de intervención fue de 4 días con una dedicación de 15 minutos para cada paciente.

Bullying in adolescents: role, type of violence and determinants. / Acoso escolar en adolescentes: rol, tipo de violencia y determinantes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bullying and its determinants among adolescents attending school. METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of adolescents, who were selected using a multistage probability sampling, from 20 public educational institutions in a Colombian city, in which a simple and multivariate binomial regression was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 500 adolescents participated from which 50.4% were women and 53.2% in their middle adolescence. Verbal violence prevailed in 66.5%, followed by physical violence in 32.0% and social bullying in 30.6%. 69.5% of the adolescents have been witnesses, 35.8% victims, and 14.2% aggressors. 80.5% of the aggressors were victims of bullying. In the multivariate analysis, an association was found between being a victim and having disabilities (PR:2.4; CI: 1.6-3.7), verbal aggression in the home (PR: 1.7; CI: 1.2-2.3) and drug abuse (PR: 1.7; CI 1.1-2.8). Being an aggressor was also associated with being a victim (PR: 7.2; CI 3.6-14.3) and alcohol abuse (PR: 2.2; CI: 1.3-3.8). CONCLUSION: The frequency of bullying observed and the associated determinants demonstrate the persistence of this problem in adolescents and the need to develop a culture of appropriate and inclusive coexistence that goes beyond the school setting.

Acoso escolar en adolescentes: rol, tipo de violencia y determinantes / Assédio escolar em adolescentes: papel, tipo de violência e determinantes / Bullying in adolescents: role, type of violence and determinants

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia del acoso escolar y sus factores determinantes en adolescentes escolarizados. Método Estudio de corte transversal analítico en una muestra de adolescentes provenientes de 20 instituciones educativas públicas de una ciudad de Colombia, seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico polietápico. Se realizó regresión binomial simple y multivariable. Resultados Participaron 500 adolescentes. El 50,4% eran mujeres y 53,2% en adolescencia media. Predominó la violencia verbal (66,5%) seguida de física (32,0%) y por exclusión (30,6%). El 69,5% de los adolescentes fueron testigos, 35,8% víctimas y 14,2% agresores. El 80,5% de los agresores fueron víctimas de acoso escolar. En el análisis multivariable, se encontró asociación entre ser víctima y presentar alguna discapacidad (RP 2,4 IC 1,6-3,7), agresión verbal en el hogar (RP 1,7 IC 1,2-2,3) y consumo de droga (RP 1,7 IC 1,1-2,8). Asimismo, ser agresor se asoció con ser víctima (RP 7,2 IC 3,6-14,3) y consumo de alcohol (RP 2,2 IC 1,3-3,8). Conclusión La frecuencia de acoso escolar observada y los factores determinantes asociados, evidencian la persistencia de esta problemática en los adolescentes y la necesidad de desarrollar una cultura de convivencia adecuada e incluyente que trascienda el escenario escolar.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência do assédio escolar e seus fatores determinantes em adolescentes escolarizados. Método Estudo de corte transversal analítico em uma amostra de adolescentes oriundos de 20 estabelecimentos educacionais públicas de uma cidade da Colômbia, selecionados mediante uma amostragem probabilística polietápica. Uma regressão binomial simples e multivariável foi realizada no estudo. Resultados Participaram 500 adolescentes. 50,4% eram mulheres e 53.2% jovens em adolescência média. Predominou a violência verbal (66,5%) seguida da física (32,0%) e por exclusão (30,6%). 69,5% dos adolescentes foram testemunhas, 35,8% vítimas e 14,2% agressores. 80,5% dos agressores foram vítimas de assédio escolar. Na análise multivariável, verificou-se uma relação entre ser vítima e ter alguma deficiência (RP 2,4 IC 1,6-3,7), agressão verbal em casa (RP 1,7 IC 1,2-2,3) e consumo de droga (RP 1,7 IC 1,1-2,8). Igualmente, ser agressor foi associado com ser vítima (RP 7,2 IC 3,6-14,3) e consumo de álcool (RP 2,2 IC 1,3-3,8). Conclusão A frequência de assédio escolar observada e os fatores determinantes associados, evidenciam a persistência desta problemática nos adolescentes e a necessidade de desenvolver uma cultura de convivência adequada e influente além do âmbito escolar.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of bullying and its determinants among adolescents attending school. Method An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of adolescents, who were selected using a multistage probability sampling, from 20 public educational institutions in a Colombian city, in which a simple and multivariate binomial regression was carried out. Results A total of 500 adolescents participated from which 50.4% were women and 53.2% in their middle adolescence. Verbal violence prevailed in 66.5%, followed by physical violence in 32.0% and social bullying in 30.6%. 69.5% of the adolescents have been witnesses, 35.8% victims, and 14.2% aggressors. 80.5% of the aggressors were victims of bullying. In the multivariate analysis, an association was found between being a victim and having disabilities (PR:2.4; CI: 1.6-3.7), verbal aggression in the home (PR: 1.7; CI: 1.2-2.3) and drug abuse (PR: 1.7; CI 1.1-2.8). Being an aggressor was also associated with being a victim (PR: 7.2; CI 3.6-14.3) and alcohol abuse (PR: 2.2; CI: 1.3-3.8). Conclusion The frequency of bullying observed and the associated determinants demonstrate the persistence of this problem in adolescents and the need to develop a culture of appropriate and inclusive coexistence that goes beyond the school setting.